Pathophysiology of Sleep Disorders

The pathophysiology of sleep disorders involves complex interactions among neural pathways, neurotransmitters, and physiological systems that regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Sleep is governed by two main processes: the circadian rhythm and the homeostatic drive. Disruption in either can lead to sleep disturbances. Brain regions such as the hypothalamus, thalamus, and brainstem play critical roles in sleep regulation, with neurotransmitters like GABA, serotonin, and orexin contributing to sleep onset and maintenance. In conditions like insomnia, heightened arousal and imbalanced neurotransmitter activity interfere with restful sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea is often caused by airway collapse during sleep, disrupting normal oxygen exchange and sleep architecture. Narcolepsy, linked to the loss of hypocretin-producing neurons, results in sudden sleep episodes and fragmented rest. Understanding the underlying mechanisms helps in identifying biomarkers, developing precise treatments, and improving patient outcomes through targeted approaches in clinical sleep medicine.

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